The NGS Automation Market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 13.4% from 2022–2029 to reach $1.33 billion by 2029. NGS automation workstations are automated liquid handling instruments that automate the NGS library preparation. Automation enables researchers to improve their library quality by generating consistent, reliable, and reproducible NGS data. NGS automation also enhances cost-efficiency and reduces the duration of the process. Additionally, NGS automation reduces the risk of contamination by limiting manual interaction with the reagents and samples.
Manual NGS library preparation is highly labor-intensive; hence, there has been a rising demand for automation in NGS workflow to increase efficiency and reduce errors.
The growth of this market is attributed to factors such as the increasing demand for automation in NGS workflow, the rising incidences of cancer, and the increasing R&D investments and healthcare expenditure. In addition, the increasing applications of next-generation sequencing and the rising number of collaborations between companies to develop library preparation protocols are expected to provide significant growth opportunities for this market.
However, the high cost of automation workstations is expected to restrain the growth of this market to a notable extent. In addition, factors such as regulatory & standardization concerns in diagnostic testing and the requirement of high-skilled personnel for operating automation software are the major challenges to the growth of this market
The Impact of COVID-19 on the NGS Automation Market
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and the emergence of new COVID-19 variants has highlighted the importance of next-generation sequencing in identifying and keeping track of the Sars-COV-2 virus mutations. The threat of new COVID-19 variants stills persists, and scientists are striving to identify different emerging variants. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) plays a vital role in tracking the development and spread of new variants of the Sars-COV-2 virus as it provides precision at the nucleotide level.
The development of rapid, highly-automated NGS research tools has had a significant impact on monitoring the evolution of the Sars-COV-2 virus. NGS is a powerful DNA sequencing tool that can analyze an entire genome and detect emerging virus variants. NGS is expected to play an important role in epidemiological research to distinguish between COVID-19, influenza, and other viruses in the coming years. These factors are expected to drive the growth of the NGS industry, thereby boosting the demand for NGS automation.
Furthermore, many NGS-based diagnostic tests were also developed during the pandemic. For instance, in June 2020, COVIDSeq, an NGS-based test from Illumina Inc. (U.S.), received emergency use authorization from the U.S. FDA for qualitative detection and diagnosis of COVID-19. Similarly, Oxford Nanopore Technologies Limited (U.K.) and SwabSeq by Octant, Inc. (U.S.) developed an NGS-based test—LamPORE—to diagnose COVID-19.
NGS diagnostics are currently utilized in a relatively limited way, but they may become more frequently employed if they obtain regulatory approval from countries and demonstrate more effectiveness than other test methods.
There are huge opportunities for the growth of the NGS automation market as more countries move to implement sequencing programs to better understand emerging pathogens and their effects on humans and animals.
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Key Findings of the NGS Automation Market Study:
Workstation/Robotic Platform Segment to Dominate Market
In 2022, the workstation/robotic platform segment is estimated to account for the largest share of the NGS automation market. The large share of this segment is attributed to the benefits offered by workstations during library preparation (such as high efficiency, low turnaround time, reduction in per sample costs, high reproducibility) and the increasing demand for the automation of NGS by pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies
Drug Discovery Segment to Dominate Market
In 2022, the drug discovery segment is estimated to account for the largest share of the NGS automation market. The large share of this segment is attributed to the increasing utilization of NGS for identifying novel drug targets and developing therapeutic techniques that target specific genes and proteins, such as targeted therapies, gene therapies, and oligonucleotide therapies.
Whole Genome Sequencing Segment to Dominate Market
In 2022, the whole genome sequencing segment is estimated to account for the largest share of the NGS automation market. The large market share of this segment is attributed to factors such as the increasing need for automation in WGS to reduce per sample costs and the increasing applications of WGS in the identification of inherited disorders, characterization of the mutations that drive cancer progression, and tracking the outbreaks of diseases.
Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Companies Segment to Dominate Market
In 2022, the pharmaceutical & biotechnology companies segment is estimated to account for the largest share of the NGS automation market. The large share of this segment is attributed to factors such as the increasing pharmaceutical & biotechnology R&D expenditure, growing demand for new drug discovery, and the increasing adoption of advanced NGS automation workstations by pharmaceutical & biotechnology companies.
Asia-Pacific: The Fastest Growing Market
Asia-Pacific is slated to register the highest growth rate in the NGS automation market during the forecast period. The high market growth in Asia-Pacific is attributed to the increasing prevalence of various chronic & infectious diseases, increasing government focus on sequencing projects in the region, a large number of patients with gene-associated disorders, and growing research activities for the development of personalized medicines.
Key Players
The report includes a competitive landscape based on an extensive assessment of product portfolio, application, sequencing type, end user, geographic presence, and the key growth strategies adopted by leading market players in the industry over the past four years.
The key players profiled in the NGS automation market are Agilent Technologies, Inc. (U.S.), Danaher Corporation (U.S.), Eppendorf AG (Germany), Hamilton Company (U.S.), PerkinElmer, Inc. (U.S.), Tecan Group Ltd. (Switzerland), PRIMADAG SAS (France), BRAND GMBH + CO KG (Germany), Hudson Robotics (U.S.), SPT Labtech (U.K.), Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (U.S.), and F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG (Switzerland).
Scope of the Report:
NGS Automation Market, by Product
NGS Automation Market, by Application
NGS Automation Market, by Sequencing Type
NGS Automation Market, by End User
NGS Automation Market, by Geography
Key questions answered in the report:
This report provides pre & post COVID-19 market estimates.
1. Introduction
1.1. Market Definition
1.2. Market Ecosystem
1.3. Currency
2. Research Methodology
2.1. Research Process
2.2. Data Collection & Validation
2.2.1. Secondary Research
2.2.2. Primary Research
2.3. Market Assessment
2.3.1. Market Size Estimation
2.3.1.1. Bottom-up Approach
2.3.1.2. Top-down Approach
2.3.1.3. Growth Forecast
2.3.2. Market Share Analysis
2.4. Assumptions for the Study
2.5. Limitations for the Study
3. Executive Summary
4. Market Insights
4.1. Market Overview
4.2. Drivers
4.2.1. Increasing Demand for Automation in NGS Workflow
4.2.2. Rising Prevalence of Cancer
4.2.3. Increasing R&D Investments and Healthcare Expenditure
4.3. Restraints
4.3.1. High Cost of Automation Workstations
4.4. Opportunities
4.4.1. Increasing Applications of Next-Generation Sequencing
4.4.2. Increasing Collaborations to Develop Library Preparation Protocols by Companies
4.5. Challenges
4.5.1. Regulatory & Standardization Concerns in Diagnostic Testing
4.5.2. Learning Curve for the Automation Software
4.6. Impact of COVID-19 On the Global NGS Automation Market
4.7. Related / Adjacent Markets
4.7.1. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) Services Market
4.7.2. Next-Generation Sequencing Market
4.8. Pricing Analysis
4.9. Factors That End Users Consider Before Acquiring an Automation Workstation
5. Global NGS Automation Market, by Product
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Workstations/Robotic Platforms
5.3. Reagents & Consumables
6. Global NGS Automation Market, by Application
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Drug Discovery
6.3. Clinical Diagnostics
6.3.1. Oncology
6.3.2. Infectious Diseases
6.3.3. Reproductive Health
6.3.4. Other Clinical Diagnostics
6.4. Other Applications
7. Global NGS Automation Market, by Sequencing Type
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Whole Genome Sequencing
7.3. Whole Exome Sequencing
7.4. Targeted Genome Sequencing
7.5. Other Sequencing Types
8. Global NGS Automation Market, by End User
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Hospitals & Diagnostic Laboratories
8.3. Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Companies
8.4. Academics & Research Institutes
8.5. Other End Users
9. NGS Automation Market, by Geography
9.1. Introduction
9.2. North America
9.2.1. U.S.
9.2.2. Canada
9.3. Europe
9.3.1. Germany
9.3.2. France
9.3.3. U.K.
9.3.4. Italy
9.3.5. Spain
9.3.6. Rest of Europe (RoE)
9.4. Asia-Pacific
9.4.1. Japan
9.4.2. China
9.4.3. India
9.4.4. Rest of Asia-Pacific (RoAPAC)
9.5. Latin America
9.6. Middle East & Africa
10. Competitive Landscape
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Key Growth Strategies
10.3. Competitive Benchmarking
10.4. Market Share Analysis (2021)
11. Company Profiles
11.1. Agilent Technologies, Inc.
11.2. Danaher Corporation
11.3. Eppendorf AG
11.4. Hamilton Company
11.5. PerkinElmer, Inc.
11.6. Tecan Group Ltd.
11.7. PRIMADAG SAS
11.8. BRAND GMBH + CO KG
11.9. Hudson Robotics
11.10. SPT Labtech
11.11. Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.
11.12. F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd
12. Appendix
12.1. Questionnaire
12.2. Available Customization
List of Tables
Table 1 NGS Automation Market Drivers: Impact Analysis (2022–2029)
Table 2 Estimated Number of New Cancer Cases (2020), by Type
Table 3 NGS Automation Market Restraints: Impact Analysis (2022–2029)
Table 4 NGS Automation Workstation: Pricing Details
Table 5 Factors Considered by the Customer
Table 6 Global NGS Automation Market Size, by Product, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 7 Global NGS Automation Workstation/Robotic Platform Market Size, by Country/Region, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 8 Global NGS Automation Reagents & Consumables Market Size, by Country/Region, 2022–2029 (USD Million)
Table 9 Global NGS Automation Market Size, by Application, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 10 Global NGS Automation Market Size for Drug Discovery, by Country/Region, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 11 Global NGS Automation Market Size for Clinical Diagnostics, by Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 12 Global NGS Automation Market Size for Clinical Diagnostics, by Country/Region, 2022–2029 (USD Million)
Table 13 Global NGS Automation Market Size for Oncology, by Country/Region, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 14 Global NGS Automation Market Size for Infectious Diseases, by Country/Region, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 15 Global NGS Automation Market Size for Reproductive Health, by Country/Region, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 16 Global NGS Automation Market Size for Other Clinical Diagnostics, by Country/Region, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 17 Global NGS Automation Market Size for Other Applications, by Country/Region, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 18 Global NGS Automation Market Size, by Sequencing Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 19 Global NGS Automation Market Size for Whole Genome Sequencing, by Country/Region, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 20 Global NGS Automation Market Size for Whole Exome Sequencing, by Country/Region, 2022–2029 (USD Million)
Table 21 Global NGS Automation Market Size for Targeted Genome Sequencing, by Country/Region, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 22 Global NGS Automation Market Size for Other Sequencing Types, by Country/Region, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 23 Global NGS Automation Market Size, by End User, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 24 Global NGS Automation Market Size for Hospitals & Diagnostic Laboratories, by Country/Region, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 25 Global NGS Automation Market Size for Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Companies, by Country/Region, 2022–2029 (USD Million)
Table 26 Global NGS Automation Market Size for Academic & Research Institutes, by Country/Region, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 27 Global NGS Automation Market Size for Other End Users, by Country/Region, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 28 Global NGS Automation Market Size, by Country/Region, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 29 North America: NGS Automation Market Size, by Country, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 30 North America: NGS Automation Market Size, by Product, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 31 North America: NGS Automation Market Size, by Application, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 32 North America: Clinical Diagnostics Market, by Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 33 North America: NGS Automation Market Size, by Sequencing Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 34 North America: NGS Automation Market Size, by End User, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 35 U.S.: Key Macroindicators
Table 36 U.S.: NGS Automation Market Size, by Product, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 37 U.S.: NGS Automation Market Size, by Application, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 38 U.S.: Clinical Diagnostics Market, by Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 39 U.S.: NGS Automation Market Size, by Sequencing Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 40 U.S.: NGS Automation Market Size, by End User, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 41 Canada: Key Macroindicators
Table 42 Canada: NGS Automation Market Size, by Product, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 43 Canada: NGS Automation Market Size, by Application, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 44 Canada: Clinical Diagnostics Market, by Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 45 Canada: NGS Automation Market Size, by Sequencing Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 46 Canada: NGS Automation Market Size, by End User, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 47 Europe: NGS Automation Market Size, by Country, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 48 Europe: NGS Automation Market Size, by Product, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 49 Europe: NGS Automation Market Size, by Application, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 50 Europe: Clinical Diagnostics Market, by Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 51 Europe: NGS Automation Market Size, by Sequencing Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 52 Europe: NGS Automation Market Size, by End User, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 53 Germany: Key Macroindicators
Table 54 Germany: NGS Automation Market Size, by Product, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 55 Germany: NGS Automation Market Size, by Application, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 56 Germany: Clinical Diagnostics Market, by Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 57 Germany: NGS Automation Market Size, by Sequencing Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 58 Germany: NGS Automation Market Size, by End User, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 59 France: Key Macroindicators
Table 60 France: NGS Automation Market Size, by Product, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 61 France: NGS Automation Market Size, by Application, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 62 France: Clinical Diagnostics Market, by Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 63 France: NGS Automation Market Size, by Sequencing Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 64 France: NGS Automation Market Size, by End User, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 65 U.K.: Key Macroindicators
Table 66 U.K.: NGS Automation Market Size, by Product, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 67 U.K.: NGS Automation Market Size, by Application, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 68 U.K.: Clinical Diagnostics Market, by Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 69 U.K.: NGS Automation Market Size, by Sequencing Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 70 U.K.: NGS Automation Market Size, by End User, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 71 Italy: Key Macroindicators
Table 72 Italy: NGS Automation Market Size, by Product, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 73 Italy: NGS Automation Market Size, by Application, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 74 Italy: Clinical Diagnostics Market, by Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 75 Italy: NGS Automation Market Size, by Sequencing Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 76 Italy: NGS Automation Market Size, by End User, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 77 Spain: Key Macroindicators
Table 78 Spain: NGS Automation Market Size, by Product, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 79 Spain: NGS Automation Market Size, by Application, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 80 Spain: Clinical Diagnostics Market, by Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 81 Spain: NGS Automation Market Size, by Sequencing Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 82 Spain: NGS Automation Market Size, by End User, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 83 Estimated Number of New Cancer Cases From 2020 to 2030
Table 84 RoE: NGS Automation Market Size, by Product, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 85 RoE: NGS Automation Market Size, by Application, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 86 RoE: Clinical Diagnostics Market, by Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 87 RoE: NGS Automation Market Size, by Sequencing Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 88 RoE: NGS Automation Market Size, by End User, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 89 Asia-Pacific: NGS Automation Market Size, by Product, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 90 Asia-Pacific: NGS Automation Market Size, by Application, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 91 Asia-Pacific: Clinical Diagnostics Market, by Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 92 Asia-Pacific: NGS Automation Market Size, by Sequencing Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 93 Asia-Pacific: NGS Automation Market Size, by End User, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 94 Japan: Key Macroindicators
Table 95 Japan: NGS Automation Market Size, by Product, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 96 Japan: NGS Automation Market Size, by Application, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 97 Japan: Clinical Diagnostics Market, by Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 98 Japan: NGS Automation Market Size, by Sequencing Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 99 Japan: NGS Automation Market Size, by End User, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 100 China: Key Macroindicators
Table 101 China: NGS Automation Market Size, by Product, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 102 China: NGS Automation Market Size, by Application, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 103 China: Clinical Diagnostics Market, by Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 104 China: NGS Automation Market Size, by Sequencing Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 105 China: NGS Automation Market Size, by End User, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 106 India: Key Macroindicators
Table 107 India: NGS Automation Market Size, by Product, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 108 India: NGS Automation Market Size, by Application, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 109 India: Clinical Diagnostics Market, by Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 110 India: NGS Automation Market Size, by Sequencing Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 111 India: NGS Automation Market Size, by End User, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 112 Estimated Number of New Cancer Cases From 2020 to 2030
Table 113 RoAPAC: NGS Automation Market Size, by Product, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 114 RoAPAC: NGS Automation Market Size, by Application, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 115 RoAPAC: Clinical Diagnostics Market, by Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 116 RoAPAC: NGS Automation Market Size, by Sequencing Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 117 RoAPAC: NGS Automation Market Size, by End User, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 118 Latin America: NGS Automation Market Size, by Product, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 119 Latin America: NGS Automation Market Size, by Application, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 120 Latin America: Clinical Diagnostics Market, by Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 121 Latin America: NGS Automation Market Size, by Sequencing Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 122 Latin America: NGS Automation Market Size, by End User, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 123 Middle East & Africa: NGS Automation Market Size, by Product, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 124 Middle East & Africa: NGS Automation Market Size, by Application, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 125 Middle East & Africa: Clinical Diagnostics Market, by Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 126 Middle East & Africa: NGS Automation Market Size, by Sequencing Type, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 127 Middle East & Africa: NGS Automation Market Size, by End User, 2020–2029 (USD Million)
Table 128 Recent Developments, by Company (2019–2022)
List of Figures
Figure 1 Key Stakeholders
Figure 2 Research Process
Figure 3 Key Secondary Sources
Figure 4 Primary Research Techniques
Figure 5 Key Executives Interviewed
Figure 6 Breakdown of Primary Interviews (Supply-Side & Demand-Side)
Figure 7 Market Size Estimation
Figure 8 Global NGS Automation Market, by Product, 2022 Vs. 2029 (USD Million)
Figure 9 Global NGS Automation Market, by Application, 2022 Vs. 2029 (USD Million)
Figure 10 Global NGS Automation Market, by Sequencing Type, 2022 Vs. 2029 (USD Million)
Figure 11 Global NGS Automation Market, by End User, 2022 Vs. 2029 (USD Million)
Figure 12 Global NGS Automation Market, by Geography
Figure 13 Market Dynamics
Figure 14 Generic Workflow for NGS
Figure 15 Pharmaceutical R&D Expenditure in the U.S., Europe, and Japan, 2000 Vs. 2010 Vs. 2019 (USD Million)
Figure 16 Global Pharmaceutical R&D Expenditure, 2012 Vs. 2020 Vs. 2026 (USD Billion)
Figure 17 NGS Library Preparation Options
Figure 18 Budget Considerations
Figure 19 Global NGS Automation Market Size, by Product, 2022-2029 (USD Million)
Figure 20 Global NGS Automation Market Size, by Application, 2022-2029 (USD Million)
Figure 21 Global NGS Automation Market Size, by Sequencing Type, 2022-2029 (USD Million)
Figure 22 Global NGS Automation Market Size, by End User, 2022-2029(USD Million)
Figure 23 Global Biopharmaceutical R&D Spending, 2014–2020 (USD Billion)
Figure 24 Global NGS Automation Market Size, by Geography, 2022–2029 (USD Million)
Figure 25 North America: NGS Automation Market Snapshot
Figure 26 Pharmaceutical R&D Expenditure in the U.S.
Figure 27 Pharmaceutical R&D Expenditure in Europe (USD Million)
Figure 28 Pharmaceutical Industry Research and Development in Europe (2019)
Figure 29 Europe: NGS Automation Market Snapshot
Figure 30 Number of Biotechnology Firms in Italy, 2008-2019
Figure 31 R&D Spending by Pharmaceutical Industry in Spain, 2015-2019 (USD Million)
Figure 32 Pharmaceutical R&D Spending in ROE (2019)
Figure 33 Asia-Pacific: NGS Automation Market Snapshot
Figure 34 Key Growth Strategies Adopted by Leading Players (2019–2022)
Figure 35 NGS Automation Market: Competitive Benchmarking, by Product
Figure 36 NGS Automation Market: Competitive Benchmarking, by Application
Figure 37 NGS Automation Market: Competitive Benchmarking, by Sequencing Type
Figure 38 NGS Automation Market: Competitive Benchmarking, by End User
Figure 39 NGS Automation Market: Competitive Benchmarking, by Geography
Figure 40 Market Share Analysis: NGS Automation Market (2021)
Figure 41 Agilent Technologies, Inc.: Financial Overview (2021)
Figure 42 Danaher Corporation: Financial Overview (2021)
Figure 43 Eppendorf AG: Financial Overview (2020)
Figure 44 PerkinElmer, Inc.: Financial Overview (2020)
Figure 45 Tecan Group Ltd.: Financial Overview (2020)
Figure 46 Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.: Financial Overview (2021)
Figure 47 F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Financial Overview (2021)
This report provides pre & post COVID-19 market estimates.
This report provides pre & post COVID-19 market estimates.
Published Date: Nov-2022
Published Date: Oct-2022
Published Date: Oct-2022
Published Date: Oct-2022
